History and dynamics of the development of physical education in educational institutions worldwide (within the framework of the club system)

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to identify the key characteristics and development directions of club-based forms of physical education within the education systems of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the countries of Central Asia. The methodology is based on a theoretical analysis of 65 scientific sources published between 2013 and 2026, devoted to organizational and pedagogical models of club-based and extracurricular physical culture and sports activities, as well as mechanisms for their integration into the educational environment of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan. It was established that the development of club-based forms of physical education has passed through stages of institutional inertia, subsequent decentralization, and the reconsideration of club activities as a structural element of the educational environment. It was revealed that modern models of the club system are characterized by variability of organizational forms, a combination of parallel and partially integrated functioning, and reliance on local regulatory mechanisms of management. It is shown that the club system performs motivational, pedagogical, and socio-integrative functions, ensuring sustainable participation of students in extracurricular physical activity. The obtained results confirm the significance of club-based forms of physical education as a stable component of the educational environment.